The Periodic Table of Tools
[Aq] Aqueous solutions for your calculation problems. Select a compound to inspect.
Molar Mass Calculator
Calculate the molar mass of a substance given the atomic masses of its components (simplified).
Molarity Calculator (M)
Calculate the molarity of a solution given moles of solute and liters of solution.
Ideal Gas Law (Pressure)
Calculate Pressure (P) using the Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT.
Boyle's Law Calculator
Calculate final pressure given initial conditions (P1V1 = P2V2).
Charles's Law Calculator
Calculate final volume given initial conditions (V1/T1 = V2/T2).
Density Calculator
Calculate density from mass and volume.
pH from H+ Concentration
Calculate pH given hydrogen ion concentration [H+].
pOH from OH- Concentration
Calculate pOH given hydroxide ion concentration [OH-].
Mass Percent Composition
Calculate the mass percent of a component in a mixture.
Dilution Calculator (M1V1=M2V2)
Calculate the volume needed for dilution.
Avogadro's Law Calculator
Calculate volume/moles changes (V1/n1 = V2/n2).
Gay-Lussac's Law
Calculate pressure/temp changes (P1/T1 = P2/T2).
Combined Gas Law
Solve for P2 using P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2.
Gibbs Free Energy
Calculate ΔG = ΔH - TΔS.
Specific Heat (q=mcΔT)
Calculate heat energy required.
Zero Order Rate Law
Calculate concentration at time t: [A] = [A]0 - kt.
First Order Rate Law
Calculate concentration [A] = [A]0 * e^(-kt).
Half Life (1st Order)
Calculate half life t1/2 = 0.693 / k.
Equilibrium Constant (Kc)
Calculate Kc for reaction aA + bB -> cC + dD (simplified for 1:1 stoichiometry).
Boiling Point Elevation
Calculate ΔTb = i * Kb * m.
Freezing Point Depression
Calculate ΔTf = i * Kf * m.
Osmotic Pressure
Calculate π = iMRT.
Nernst Equation (Potential)
Calculate cell potential at non-standard conditions.
Photon Energy (E=hf)
Calculate energy of a photon given frequency.
Wavelength to Frequency
Calculate frequency from wavelength (c=λf).
Henderson-Hasselbalch
Calculate pH of a buffer solution.
Ksp to Solubility (s)
Estimate solubility s for a 1:1 salt (s = √Ksp).
Percent Yield Calculator
Calculate percent yield from actual and theoretical yield.
Formal Charge Calculator
Calculate FC = Valence - NonBonding - (Bonding/2).
Bond Order Calculator
Calculate BO = (Bonding - Antibonding) / 2.
RMS Speed of Gas
Calculate Urms = √(3RT/M). Note: M in kg/mol.
Graham's Law (Rate Ratio)
Calculate Rate1/Rate2 = √(M2/M1).
Henry's Law (Solubility)
Calculate Solubility C = kP.
Arrhenius Equation (k)
Calculate rate constant k = A * e^(-Ea/RT).
Percent Error
Calculate |Actual - Theoretical| / Theoretical * 100.
Beer-Lambert Law (A=εbc)
Calculate Absorbance.
Dipole Moment (µ=qd)
Calculate Dipole Moment.
Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff)
Calculate Zeff = Z - S.
Rydberg Equation (1/λ)
Calculate 1/λ = R * (1/n1² - 1/n2²).
Standard Entropy Change
Calculate ΔS° = ΣS°(products) - ΣS°(reactants) (Simple 1 prod - 1 react case).
Radioactive Half-Life (Time)
Calculate time elapsed given remaining amount.
Nuclear Binding Energy
Calculate Binding Energy E=dm*c^2.
De Broglie Wavelength
Calculate wavelength λ = h/mv.
Heisenberg Uncertainty (Position)
Calculate min uncertainty in position (Δx ≥ h/4πΔp).
Faraday's Law (Electrolysis Mass)
Calculate mass deposited m = (I*t*M)/(n*F).
Standard Cell Potential
Calculate E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode.
Entropy of Surroundings
Calculate ΔSsurr = -ΔHsys / T.
Molality Calculator (m)
Calculate molality m = moles solute / kg solvent.
Parts Per Million (ppm)
Calculate ppm = (mass solute / mass solution) * 10^6.
Parts Per Billion (ppb)
Calculate ppb = (mass solute / mass solution) * 10^9.
Normality Calculator (N)
Calculate Normality N = M * n (equivalence factor).
Mole Fraction (X)
Calculate mole fraction Xa = na / (na + nb).
Van der Waals Equation (Pressure)
Calculate Pressure using Real Gas equation.
Limiting Reagent (Moles)
Determine limiting moles (min(nA/a, nB/b)).
Theoretical Yield (Simple)
Calculate yield = limiting_moles * product_coeff * molar_mass.
Celsius to Kelvin
Convert Temperature from Celsius to Kelvin.
Kelvin to Celsius
Convert Temperature from Kelvin to Celsius.
ATM to Torr
Convert Pressure atm to Torr.
Torr to ATM
Convert Pressure Torr to atm.
Joules to Calories
Convert Energy J to cal.
Calories to Joules
Convert Energy cal to J.
pKa to Ka Converter
Calculate Ka = 10^(-pKa).
Ka to pKa Converter
Calculate pKa = -log(Ka).
pKb to Kb Converter
Calculate Kb = 10^(-pKb).
Kb to pKb Converter
Calculate pKb = -log(Kb).
Calculate pKb from pKa
Use pKa + pKb = 14 (at 25°C).
Ionic Strength (I)
Calculate I = 0.5 * Σ(ci * zi^2) for 2 ions.
Raoult's Law (Vapor Pressure)
Calculate P_sol = X_solv * P0_solv.
Lattice Energy (Approx)
Simplified proportional calc E ∝ (q1*q2)/(r0).
APF Calculator (FCC)
Return Atomic Packing Factor for FCC crystal.
APF Calculator (BCC)
Return Atomic Packing Factor for BCC crystal.
Bragg's Law (Angle)
Calculate angle θ = asin(nλ / 2d). (Result in degrees)
Average Atomic Mass
Calculate Avg Mass from 2 isotopes.
Degree of Unsaturation
Calculate DoU = C - H/2 - X/2 + N/2 + 1.
Buffer Capacity (Approx)
Beta ≈ 2.303 * (Kw/[H+] + [H+] + (Cbuf*Ka*[H+])/(Ka+[H+])^2). Simplified: Beta ≈ C_base if pH=pKa.
Calculate Activation Energy
Given k1, T1, k2, T2 calculate Ea.
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
Calculate Rate V = (Vmax * [S]) / (Km + [S]).
Retention Factor (Rf)
Calculate Rf = Distance Spot / Distance Solvent.
Wavelength to Wavenumber
Calculate v~ = 1/λ (cm^-1).
Relative Atomic Mass
Compute Av = M / (1/12 * Carbon-12). Validating standard.
Specific Gravity
Calculate SG = Density Substance / Density Water.
Dilution Factor
Calculate DF = V_final / V_initial.
Turnover Number (kcat)
Calculate kcat = Vmax / [E]t.
Residence Time
Calculate τ = V / Q.
Catalytic Efficiency
Calculate Eff = kcat / Km.
Langmuir Adsorption
Theta = KP / (1 + KP).
Ionic Balance Checker
Check Sum(Cation) vs Sum(Anion).
Root Mean Square Speed
Calculate Vrms = sqrt(3RT/M).
Graham's Law Rate Ratio
Rate1/Rate2 = sqrt(M2/M1).
Bohr Model Energy
Energy of electron in level n: E = -2.178e-18 / n^2.
Osmolarity Calculator
Osmolarity = Molarity * Dissociation Particles.
Heat of Fusion Calculator
Calculate heat q = m * ΔHfus.
Heat of Vaporization
Calculate heat q = m * ΔHvap.
Bond Order Calculator
BO = (Bonding Electrons - Antibonding Electrons) / 2.
Neutron Counter
Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number.
Electron Shell Capacity
Max electrons in shell n = 2n^2.
Henry's Law (Solubility)
Concentration C = kH * P.
Rydberg Equation (Wavelength)
1/λ = R * (1/n1^2 - 1/n2^2). Returns λ in nm.
Effective Nuclear Charge
Zeff = Z - S (Shielding Constant).
Percent Error Calculator
% Error = |(Accepted - Exp) / Accepted| * 100.
Mass Flow Rate
Calculate m_dot = density * area * velocity.
Reynolds Number
Re = (rho * v * D) / mu.
Antoine Equation (Vapor Pressure)
log10(P) = A - (B / (T + C)). Returns P in mmHg.
Clausius-Clapeyron (2-Point)
ln(P2/P1) = (-ΔHvap/R) * (1/T2 - 1/T1). Solves for ΔHvap.
Percent Ionic Character
%IC = 1 - exp(-0.25 * (Xa - Xb)^2) * 100.
Result Unstable: No matching isotopes found.